What is intellectual Disability
Intellectual Disability (ID) is a condition characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning (such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving) and in adaptive behavior, which covers a range of everyday social and practical skills. It originates before the age of 18.
Key Features:
1. Below-average intellectual functioning
Usually indicated by an IQ score of 70 or below.
2. Deficits in adaptive behavior
Difficulty in daily life skills such as:
Communication
Social interaction
Self-care (e.g., dressing, bathing)
Safety and judgment
Work or school performance
3. Onset during the developmental period
Symptoms must appear in childhood or adolescence, not adulthood.
Levels of Severity (based on adaptive functioning):
Mild – Can live independently with minimal support.
Moderate – May need some supervision and support in daily life.
Severe – Requires extensive support in daily activities.
Profound – Dependent on others for all aspects of care.
Causes:
Genetic conditions (e.g., Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome)
Prenatal issues (e.g., alcohol or drug use during pregnancy, infections)
Birth complications (e.g., lack of oxygen)
Childhood illnesses or injuries (e.g., brain infections, head trauma)
Support and Treatment:
Special education programs
Speech, occupational, and physical therapy
Life skills training
Family support and counseling
Community integration and rehabilitation services