What is Neuro-cognitive Disorders
Neurocognitive Disorders (NCDs) are a group of conditions that affect the brain’s ability to think, remember, and make decisions. These disorders involve decline in cognitive functioning—such as memory, attention, language, and problem-solving—that is more severe than expected with normal aging.
Types of Neurocognitive Disorders (NCDs)
1. Delirium – A sudden and severe confusion and change in mental state.
2. Major Neurocognitive Disorder (formerly called dementia) – Significant cognitive decline that interferes with daily life.
3. Mild Neurocognitive Disorder – Mild decline that does not yet interfere with independence.
Common Causes of NCDs
Alzheimer’s disease
Parkinson’s disease
Huntington’s disease
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
HIV-related brain disorders
Substance or medication use
Stroke or vascular conditions
Symptoms of Neurocognitive Disorders
Cognitive Symptoms:
Memory loss (especially recent events)
Difficulty concentrating or focusing
Disorientation (time, place, person)
Poor judgment or decision-making
Language problems (forgetting words, trouble understanding)
Difficulty learning new things
Behavioral & Psychological Symptoms:
Confusion
Agitation or irritability
Mood swings or depression
Paranoia or hallucinations (in some cases)
Apathy or social withdrawal
Functional Symptoms:
Trouble performing familiar tasks (e.g., cooking, managing money)
Needing help with daily activities
Getting lost in familiar places
Diagnosis & Management
Diagnosis usually involves:
Cognitive tests
Brain imaging (MRI/CT)
Lab tests (to rule out other causes)
Psychiatric evaluation
Management may include:
Medications (e.g., cholinesterase inhibitors)
Cognitive rehabilitation
Psychotherapy and support
Lifestyle changes and caregiver support